Ford Motor Company Case Study Essay Example

Ford Motor Company Case Study Paper Ford Motor Case Study Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction Issue Identification Environmental and Root Cause Analysis Alternatives and Options Recommendations Implementation Monitor and Control Exhibits 3 4 5 6 8 10 11 12 13 After reviewing Ford Motor supply chain, we became aware of its very complex nature. Due to this complexity we are forced to search for alternatives to overcome the costly supply chain challenges faced by our industry both now and in the future. The present system has an inefficient control of a large database and a vast and complex network of suppliers. We need to change our supply chain in order to make it more cost effective and profitable. After careful analysis we recommend the implementation of a partial virtual integration system, similar to the system used by Dell Computers. With this system, Ford will use information technology and the internet to interact and transact with both their suppliers and their customers. Ford can increase their sales by providing better customer service and faster communication from the supply end through to the manufacturing division and right on to their end user, the customer. This system will be implemented with their xisting supply chain so Ford will cover both markets at the same time. If Ford concentrated only on the virtual system their competition would put them out of business, so by running both systems simultaneously will give them an edge over their competition. Ford Motor Company is the second largest industrial corporation in the world with revenues of more than $144 billion and about 370,000 employees. Their operations span more than 200 countries worldwide. The company has both the design and manufacturing of cars division and they have a financial services division. We will write a custom essay sample on Ford Motor Company Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ford Motor Company Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ford Motor Company Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Significant evenues and profits are realized in both divisions. The automobile industry has grown very competitive over the last two decades with not only competition being felt from the other two US automakers, General Motors and Chrysler, but also from foreign manufacturers like Toyota, Honda and Nissan. The industry is also facing an increasing over-capacity as developing nations realize the wealth and Job-producing effects of automobile manufacturing, and are encouraged to develop and expand their own export auto industries. The main issue with Ford is the management of their large data base of business artners, in particular their first tier suppliers and their second tier suppliers. When we compare Ford to Dell (See Exhibit 1) we realize that Dell only has about 50 suppliers, but Ford has thousands of suppliers that operate in a very complex network of business relationships. Each Dell computer system is made up of less than a hundred parts, whereas an automobile requires several thousand parts. In addition, where Dell sells directly to the consumer, Ford has a large number of dealerships who are spread through a large geographical area throughout the world. To manage both the suppliers and consumers in a single supply chain is a challenge for Ford. Ford is constantly looking for new ways to better control and to manage its supply chain in a more productive and cost effective way. Another issue faced by Ford is the lack of technology in their first tier business partners. This lack of technology makes it difficult for these suppliers to keep up with Fords demands. It results in a bottle neck situation for the supply chain. This lack of IT technology results in miscommunication and poor coordination between the suppliers which ay result in longer lead times, higher costs and other problems. Because Ford has used independent dealers to sell their vehicles, they dont have control on their end users, the customers. This lack of control, plus the dealers markups, has negatively impacted their ability to control the consumers service experience. Root Cause Analysis Fords main business is the production and distribution of vehicles. Ford also earns substantial revenues and profits from their financial division. These two divisions have resulted in net incomes of over $7 billion and a return on sales of 4% which is rending upward. These results show that Ford has a strong market and financial position. In order to increase their global share, Ford teamed with Chrysler and General Motors to work on the Automotive Network Exchange which aimed to create consistency in technology standards and processes in the supplier network, so that suppliers would not have to manage different means of interaction with each automobile manufacturer. These actions have enabled these American manufacturers to produce better quality vehicles at a reduced cycle time and lower costs due to economies of scale. Ford merged with Daimler-Benz in 1998 and in 1999 Ford also acquired Volvo. These mergers have increased Fords database of suppliers substantially. This has also made their supply chain even more complex and expensive to run and even more difficult to manage. In order to manage these supply chain issues, Ford implemented their Ford 2000 plan, which worked to restructure many of Fords key processes like Order to Delivery and Ford Production System. Their goal was to reduce OTD from 60 or more days, down to less than 15 days. They wanted to convert their supply chain from a push type toa pull type (See Exhibit 2). Fords goal was also to reduce the number of their suppliers and in turn create a more cost effective supply chain. Ford worked with their suppliers to help them better manage their own operations. Another initiative started by Ford was the Ford Retail Network which aims to reduce competition among its own dealerships in the same areas, by having one unified dealer who provides the best possible service to their customers. Our decision now is to either implement Dells supply chain model or not! There are a number of approaches we can take to improve our supply chain. We ould design a system that is a mixture of both an online system and our tradition dealership system. We would have to form procedures to enable customization and ordering by customers over the internet, but we would also have to maintain our traditional dealerships as well. The advantages of this two type system would be the customers would have the ability to customize their own vehicles. This would be basically building a vertically integration business model. This would open new markets and attract clients who prefer to shop online. The disadvantages of this system would be the cost. It would be time consuming and require both internal and external changes with would be difficult to handle and integrate with existing systems. Also the independent dealerships would most likely complain that their own supplier is now a competitor for their customers. Also if Fords own suppliers do not have the abilities to keep up with the speed of Fords IT system, there would be cause for more problems. Another option would be to create a virtually integrated system based on Dells model. Ford and all their suppliers would share information between their systems and the internet to coordinate the flow of materials and roduction. The orders would be taken either by phone or on the internet. Basically Ford would be creating a complete pull system. The advantages of this option would be the same as the first option, the customers would have the ability to customize their own vehicles. The customers requirements are met faster with higher profits being realized due to the elimination of the dealers mark up. Also Ford would be able to directly control the customer service. They would have minimal inventory carrying costs and higher order lead times. They would also improve their ability forecast demand. There would also be an improved relationship with both the customer and the supplier. The disadvantages would be that Ford would have to change their traditional processes and production methods in order to take advantage of this new form of supply chain management. This would definitely be a more risky option due to the costly and time consuming processes. Another problem would be the loss of dealerships, which may also result in this traditional shopping customer going to the competition. Our recommendation would be to implement the first option outlined in the Alternatives and Options, which is to extend its virtual business strategy by mplementing a partial version of the Dell model of supply chain management. The dealers would still play a role in the distribution since the experience of buying a car from a dealership cannot be replaced by something virtual like an online system like Dells. Combining the virtual integration model to their existing supply chain will ensure that Ford has a more efficient and profitable future. Their overhead and inventory costs will decrease, and Ford will be in a better position to interact with their customers. Most importantly the success of this recommendation will mainly depend on the performance of the shareholder value. Implementation Plan In order for Ford to implement this new system, their IT systems should be centralized and shared with their suppliers. Since its tier two and tier three suppliers may not be able to update their IT systems, Fords sharing of their system will aid the suppliers to implement this new virtual system. Suppliers would have access to central design database while Ford controls the access and functionality as per their operational requirements. The IT system would ensure a smooth flow of supplies and reduce any congestion and improve the efficiency of the supply chain nd more importantly, give Ford a competitive edge. The dealerships can play a more involved role by forecasting customer demand and Ford should involve an outside company to help them with the forecasting demand and work with each dealer. In order for the new system to function properly Ford must have an IT specialist to coordinate all IT activities with the suppliers in order to ensure a smooth flow of information between the supply chain partners. This IT specialist should resolve any issues as soon as they arise. Lead times on all online orders should be monitored egularly to ensure that the time trom the customer order to delivery is being met at the predetermined optimum time. Another way to monitor the performance of the system is to start an online customer satisfaction program where the customers can evaluate and rate their experience with Ford. The new system should be review semi-annually to ensure the ideal performance is being met, and if not, make recommendations on improvements to senior management. It is also important to ensure the shareholder value is increasing. This could be done through annual meetings with all executives to review the progress of the new system.

Pasaporte Para Viajar a EEUU en Casos Doble Ciudadanía

Pasaporte Para Viajar a EEUU en Casos Doble Ciudadanà ­a Frecuentemente, las personas con doble ciudadanà ­a se preguntan si pueden ingresar sin visa a Estados Unidos por turismo o negocios utilizando el pasaporte que es de un paà ­s incluido en el listado del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas, aunque no residen habitualmente en dicho paà ­s. La respuesta es sà ­, aunque deben conocerse las excepciones y cundo pueden surgir los problemas.   Ventajas e inconvenientes de viajar sin visa a Estados Unidos Los ciudadanos de 38 paà ­ses, entre los que se encuentran Chile y Espaà ±a, pueden ingresar a los Estados Unidos sin visa. Si llegan por avià ³n de là ­nea regular o barco deben antes de volar una autorizacià ³n que se conoce como ESTA. Una ventaja evidente de viajar sin visa es que la ESTA es mucho ms econà ³mica. En el momento de escribir este articulo el costo de la ESTA es de $14 frente a $160 de la visa B1/B2, cuyo precio final puede ser incluso superior para algunos paà ­ses, en aplicacià ³n de acuerdos de reciprocidad. Otra ventaja econà ³mica es que en caso de negacià ³n, se recuperan $10 en el caso de la ESTA, por lo cual el coste total es de $4. Por el contrario, si no es aprobada la solicitud de la visa de turista o negocios o la combinada de ambas, el solicitante no recupera nada. En otras palabras, pierde los $160 dà ³lares. Otro de los atractivos de viajar sin visa es que se evita tener que acudir a la entrevista en persona al consulado o Embajada, lo cual ahorra sin duda tiempo y en muchos casos tambià ©n nervios. En cuanto al tiempo, en la actualidad este problema es incluso mayor porque son numerosos los consulados en los que se necesita acudir con anterioridad a la entrevista a un Centro de Apoyo al Solicitante por el asunto de los datos biomà ©tricos, es decir, huellas digitales y fotografà ­a. Pero cuando se compara viajar con visa o sin visa, tambià ©n hay inconvenientes para este à ºltimo caso. Como regla general, si se ingresa a Estados Unidos con visa de turista se recibe una autorizacià ³n de 180 dà ­as, es decir, 6 meses. Ese plazo es el ms comà ºn, aunque puede ser inferior si asà ­ lo decide un oficial de migracià ³n. El plazo autorizado est reflejado en el documento que se conoce como I-94. Por el contrario, si se viaja con visa el tiempo mximo de estancia en Estados Unidos es de 90 dà ­as, ni uno ms. Otra gran diferencia es que si se ingresa con visa es posible solicitar una extensià ³n de la estancia y tambià ©n un cambio de visa, por ejemplo, de turista a estudiante. Sin embargo, si se ingresa a Estados Unidos sin visa no es posible alargar el  plazo de 90 de ninguna de las maneras. En otras palabras, la ley no contempla la peticià ³n de extensià ³n o de cambio a otra visa no inmigrante. Es imposible. Por lo tanto hay que salir del paà ­s antes de cumplir los 90 dà ­as de presencia.  Adems, es recomendable evitar juegos como salir a Mà ©xico, Bahamas o Canad y regresar con la idea de obtener asà ­ otros 90 dà ­as. Lo cierto es que en estos casos se regresa no con un nuevo plazo, sino con los dà ­as que quedasen del anterior. Incluso hay que tener en cuenta que se est jugando con fuego en los casos de salida al paà ­s de origen o cuando se viaja a paà ­ses adyacentes como Mà ©xico y Canad y se fuerza al là ­mite el plazo de los 90 dà ­as antes de salir de tal manera que ya no hay dà ­as restantes en el primer plazo cuando se regresa y se quiere obtener un nuevo trimestre. Puede suceder que el oficial de migracià ³n considere que se est viviendo en Estados Unidos, sospeche que se est trabajando o estudiando sin visa, etc. lo cual llevarà ­a a que se prohà ­ba el ingreso al paà ­s e incluso acabar con el castigo de una expulsià ³n inmediata.  ¿Viajar con un pasaporte o con los dos? Esta es una pregunta muy comà ºn entre las personas con doble ciudadanà ­a que deciden ingresar a Estados Unidos sin visa. La respuesta no es à ºnica y se ilustra mejor con casos especificos. Por ejemplo, en el caso de un argentino que vive en Argentina pero que tiene tambià ©n pasaporte italiano deberà ­a viajar con sus dos pasaportes. Asà ­, saldrà ­a de Argentina con el de ese paà ­s pero mostrarà ­a ya allà ­ el italiano para que le permitan embarcar. Al ingresar y tambià ©n al salir de Estados Unidos. Al llegar a Argentina, mostrarà ­a ese pasaporte para entrar a su paà ­s. Otro ejemplo distinto es el de, por ejemplo, un argentino que reside habitualmente en Italia y tiene tambià ©n pasaporte de ese paà ­s. En este caso, utilizarà ­a solamente el pasaporte italiano. Quà © problemas pueden surgir al llegar al control migratorio de los Estados Unidos En principio, los problemas potenciales son los mismos si se viajan con visa o sin visa. Ninguna de las dos situaciones garantiza el ingreso. Lo que importa es que la persona que quiere ingresar como turista tiene que ser considerada como elegible y admisible para ingresar a Estados Unidos. Si se considera que reà ºne tal cualidad, no hay problema. De hecho, son miles las personas con doble ciudadanà ­a que deciden viajar sin visa y nunca han tenido problemas. En otras palabras, el problema no es la visa o la no visa, sino si se cumplen los requisitos para ingresar o no. En este punto decir que hay noticias que apuntan a que se les ha negado el ingreso en repetidas ocasiones a dominicanos que viajan a Estados Unidos recià ©n adquieren la ciudadanà ­a de un paà ­s incluido en el listado de los Paà ­ses con Exencià ³n de Visado (VWP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). No es que no puedan viajar, es que por la razà ³n que sea puede haber levantado sospechas de que su intencià ³n es quedarse en los Estados Unidos. Si se tiene duda, la opcià ³n es olvidarse de viajar sin visa y solicitar una B1/B2.   Finalmente decir en relacià ³n a este punto de los posibles problemas que pueden encontrar  los cubanos para embarcar sin visa en un vuelo hacia Estados Unidos. Lo cierto es que miles de cubanos embarcan e ingresan sin ningà ºn problema. Pero no es menos cierto que se les puede impedir incluso embarcar si se sospecha que su intencià ³n es quedarse en Estados Unidos y pedir que se les aplique la Ley de Ajuste Cubano una vez que estn allà ­. Excepciones a viajar sin visa en los casos de doble ciudadanà ­a En determinadas ocasiones no es posible que las personas con doble ciudadanà ­a decidan que prefieren viajar sin visa y deben solicitar la visa si es que quieren viajar como turistas a los Estados Unidos. Entre otras situaciones destacan las siguientes: Cuando previamente le han negado una visa, aunque la solicitaran con otro pasaporte. La visa se le negà ³ a la persona, no al pasaporte y las autoridades migratorias saben que se trata de la misma persona al cotejar las huellas digitales que se dieron al solicitar la visa con las que se toman en el punto de ingreso a Estados Unidos (puerto, aeropuerto o paso terrestre fronterizo). Otra situacià ³n que pide por solicitar la visa es cuando previamente una persona ha tenido una visa americana y à ©sta ha sido cancelada. Otro caso es cuando se ha visitado anteriormente Estados Unidos y el visitante se ha quedado ms tiempo del autorizado.   Finalmente, todos los casos en los que ha habido en el pasado situaciones problemticas, como violaciones migratorias, deportaciones, expulsiones inmediatas, etc. Otras situaciones de doble ciudadanà ­a o nacionalidad Estados Unidos, por regla general, no tiene ningà ºn problema con la doble ciudadanà ­a, tambià ©n conocida como doble nacionalidad. Esto es asà ­ en el caso de extranjeros que pueden utilizar el pasaporte que deseen, como se ha explicado en este artà ­culo, pero tambià ©n en otros como para aplicar por visas limitadas a ciertos paà ­ses como es el caso de la visa de inversià ³n E-2. Asà ­,por ejemplo, un venezolano no puede beneficiarse de esa visa pero si cuenta con otro pasaporte como puede ser el de Colombia, Espaà ±a, Portugal, etc, puede solicitarla. Pero tambià ©n es el caso de sus propios ciudadanos. Estados Unidos admite la doble nacionalidad y casi no impone là ­mites a esta situacià ³n. De interà ©s para turistas en Estados Unidos La mejor forma de evitar problemas migratorios, tanto si se ingresa con visa o con ESTA, es cumplir con la ley, por lo que se recomienda tomar este test para conocer aspectos fundamentales. El caso especial de Canad Como regla general, los ciudadanos de Canad no necesitan ni visa ni ESTA para ingresar a Estados Unidos como turistas y el permiso de estancia es por 6 meses.   Esto aplica a los canadienses que tambià ©n son ciudadanos de otro paà ­s, es decir, a los casos de doble ciudadanà ­a. Sin embargo, no aplica a los extranjeros que tienen residencia en Canad. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Biographical Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biographical Synthesis - Essay Example Death was inevitably his favorite topic in both his poems and short stories. During his life, Poe experienced severe social isolation. These feeling of isolation started when his father demised or disappeared about the time of his sister’s birth. His sister’s name was Rosalie (Patrick 20-22). The family then relocated and Poe was isolated from his older brother, who was left with relations in Baltimore. During those younger years, he found his mother in the final phase of tuberculosis. On her demise, he was then isolated from his younger sister, Rosalie. Another major low point in Poe’s life was the demise of his surrogate mother, Mrs. Frances Allan, and his surrogate father rejecting him, all happening at one time. The most important setback to him was the sudden demise of his cousin, whom she had married-Virginia Clemm. This solitary loneness was the cause of almost all of his feelings of separation in his adulthood. He was attacked by a fit of apprehension that made him believe that almost everyone he become close to would eventually die. The topics of isolation become inherent topics in his work (Silverman 12-19). William Wilson is a short story which tells of a man and his doppelganger, which runs after the man around the universe trying to keep him away from trouble. Poe created his character to represent his own accounts of boyhood, which was he spent â€Å"a large, rambling Elizabethan schoolhouse, in a misty-looking village of England† (30-33). The setting of William Wilson is undoubtedly semi-autobiographical and passes as relation to Allan Edgar Poe’s home in England as a boy. â€Å"The misty-looking village of England† (30-33). The poem A Dream within a Dream explores the difficult process o saying goodbye to a loved one. Poe wrote this poem after the experience he went through after losing the women he had affairs with. In Poe’s mind, he perceived

Ways of Motivating Workforce and Its Benefits to a Company Essay - 1

Ways of Motivating Workforce and Its Benefits to a Company - Essay Example Even so, in today’s working environment, many millions of employees are not motivated. Many of them face varied challenges in the workplace because of a poor management system. Others work in the poor health environment where there is lack of protective clothes, lack of adequate skills and working for long hours. Therefore, as the market gets more competitive, companies have now changed and designed job in a way that can enable the company to achieve a competitive advantage. Thesis: Although many managers rely on money as a way of motivation, there is need to create a positive working environment, develop labor force skills, and recognize the right behaviors of employees in order to increase the organization performance level. Many managers nowadays rely on money as the only means of motivating employees. However, there are varied ways through which managers can motivate employees in order to achieve a competitive business performance in the global market. One way through whic h managers can motivate their employees is through developing labor force skills vital for better and increased productivity. This is through offering effective training programs and recruiting employees with potential skills to perform a certain job. Cuny (2000, p. 71) asserts that successful leaders should understand the need for employees training programs and they should also recruit people with effective skills vital for performing a certain job. Career opportunities should be taken as significant as money, which employees make in the business. Thus, there is need effective training in order to develop labor force the vital skills for business benefits. Deloitte is one of the companies that are listed among the top 100 companies. This company offer and recruit employees with effective skills, as well as, have an individual development plan for meeting the needs of employees.  

Children Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Children Rights - Essay Example The participation of children in the Convention on the Rights of the Child can effectively reinforce the implementation of CRC as such participation ensures that the voice of the children is heard all over the world. This international treaty recognizes the human rights of children and the CRC is best maintained when the children are able to express their views in matters that affect them. The CRC is essentially based on right of humans to survive and develop in the world and the governments are supposed to ensure the maximum possibility for the survival and development of the children. Child participation is perhaps the most effective means to ensure the rights of the children, although it is greatly challenging endeavor to make certain that children are able to take part in the conservation of the CRC. There are several factors that affect child participation in the CRC such as the traditional perceptions of childhood etc. However, the convention has given significant provision for the participation of children realizing that child participation in the CRC is essential for its effective implementation. â€Å"The convention sets forth basic standards for the treatment, protection, and participation of children in society and makes a claim for children’s equality with other children and with adults, even as it acknowledges that childhood is uniquely valuable in its own right. The Convention thus embodies claims for a mixture of protective, welfare, moral, and political rights, encapsulated by what has been termed the three p's of children's rights: provision, protection, and participation." (Hobbs, McKechnie, and Lavalette, 1999, p 37). Therefore, the participation of children in the Convention on the Rights of the Child has an essential role in the effective reinforcement of the CRC

Anti-Social Behaviour Orders | Analysis

Anti-Social Behaviour Orders | Analysis Our society gives us the right to live in a safe and secure community. But along with these rights, we have some responsibilities. We all have a responsibility towards our neighboursand we must treat them respectfully in the community. Also for the security and betterment of the society, the antisocialists should know that their behaviour will not be accepted and action will be taken against them if they continue with their behavior. Such behavior often includes aggression and hostility which often results in to physical or verbal abuse. They might refuse to follow the rules of a situation or disregard the power of a superior (Farrington Coid 2003). An ASBO (Anti Social Behavior Order) is specially designed for children 8-17 year olds whose existing behaviorshows signs of future offending activities. The community works together to stop this offending behavior through educational, diversionary activities and family support. The main aims of the community are to reduce the number of youngsters from entering the criminal system, to improve attendance of the identified groups at school and to minimize the factors that would help someone lead to an offensive behavior(Great Britain: National Audit Office 2006). The scale of the problem Of all the problems which most affect neighborhoods up and down the country, antisocial behavior has perhaps the maximum potential to affect the quality of community life. It has been very difficult to find accurate statistics on the nature and popularity of antisocial behaviour. There are some current methods such as self-report studies, victim surveys and data gathered through police, courts, fire service and other criminal justice agencies through which data on antisocial behaviour are gathered (McAtamney Morgan 2009). These sources of information are considered useful but they are restricted in their capability to provide a precise description of antisocial behavior. Such sources often involve incidents that are unrecorded since they are difficult to notice and do not get in contact with the courts.Further, it also depends upon the type of incident being examined. The more popular an incident is, the more people will fight against it. Also antisocial behaviours such as being rude and abusive are difficult to define and no agencies are responsible for collecting data on it. It is considered to be an important problem of the society since more and more people are getting involved in it. Such patterns are shown in early ages such as 13 to 14 years. At this age, antisocial acts include stealing something from someones house or getting involved in a fight with a classmate or been suspended from school. Such behaviors may lead to dangerous anti-social behaviors at a later age. Researches show that some of the antisocial acts are common such as cigarette use or skipping school and these acts might not have the possibility to lead to dangerous acts in the future (Melton Borough Council 2013). All of this is of course is not possible without the effective enforcement of ASBO by the court. People who are insistent on harassing the society should be punished accordingly. Those who continue to bring fear, distress and misery to local communities should not go unpunished. Sentences should reflect the seriousness of the crime and do so in a consistent manner. The police play an important role in this regard and could help improve quality of life of the community (Millie 2008). The rationale for making this a key concern after 1997: Now the question is, why was antisocial behavior made a key concern after 1997? As it is generally believed and also several studies have proved that if special attention is not given towards this matter it can lead to serious crimes. According to NACRO (2002), this theory is termed as contagion theory. This theory suggests that the presence of evil or destruction leads to more destruction or evil. Wilson and Kelling have termed this contagious effect as the broken window. As it is generally believed that a building with a broken window means that no one cares about the building so this will lead to more broken windows and this shows that breaking more windows does not really cost anything. Further, antisocial behavior can be costly for communities. It affects the stability of an areas market. It alsoaffects the success of local businesses and can be costly to repair. This repair can be in terms of financial and human resources. A proper record for the damages is not kept since there are limited sources for the collection of data. But acts such as neighbor nuisance, destruction of property and criminal damage can be estimated. Furthermore, antisocial behavior can affect the lives of the executors which would in return also affect their families. They can be excluded from school, expulsed from their homes and become involved with the criminal system (Spalding 2011) A discussion of the key initiatives undertaken to deal with this problem, starting with the 1997 Crime Disorder Act (ASBOs) and the subsequent development of this approach CR- ASBOs, dispersal orders, the Respect Agenda etc The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 was passed in December 1997 by both Houses; Commons and Lords and also received Royal Assent in 1998. A number of key issues were discussed in this Act, which include the introduction of Anti-Social Orders, Parenting Orders, Sex Offender Orders, increasing the Local Authority responsibilities for crime reduction etc. Here we will be discussing the main area of interest that isAnti-Social Behavior Orders (ASBOs)(UK Parliamanet Publications and records 2005). Anti-Social Behavior Orders: According to Part I of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, the type of behavior that is generally thought of as being antisocial is raucous, irritating or intimidating behavior which often takes place in community areas.This kind of behavior can also pull out to sabotage and graffiti. Further this behavior includes dealing and buying drugs on the street, dumping rubbish and disposing of cars. Begging also comes under the anti-social umbrella. The Crime and Disorder Act was modified in to a civil remedy called the Anti-Social Behavior Orders or ASBOs in order to engage in with the government to tackle unacceptable activities that were impacting the quality of community life. According to the Act, any person who might have engaged in anti-social behavior is to be taken care of by the Magistrate or the Sheriff. As mentioned above, anti-social behavioris defined by the Actas a conduct which caused or was likely to cause alarm, harassment or distress to one or more persons not of the same ho usehold as him or herself and where an ASBO is seen as necessary to protect relevant persons from further anti-social acts by the defendant. An ASBO can include a ban from entering a specific area or talking to certain people according to different individuals it is made in respect for. Violation of an ASBO is considered a criminal offence and conviction may lead to a minimum of two, or a maximum of five years detention. Though most of the ASBOs are issued in respect of the types of behaviors pointed out earlier but there have been circumstances in where the ASBOs have been issued in more unusual situations. This has led to severe condemnation. For example, in February 2003, a 16-year-old boy was forbidden from showing his tattoos,in public anywhere in the country. In July 2003,an 87-year-old man received an order for being rude and sarcastic to his neighbors. He was the oldest recipient for an order. Further in December 2004, a man became the first farmer to become the recipient of an ASBO when he was ordered to keep his pigs and geese under control. This happened because the people living near his farm complained that his animals had escaped and caused damage to their properties (Clarke, 2003). It is an official implementation which carries the full force of legal execution. It was generally believed that ASBO is only used for adults but recently it has been discussed that it can be applied to any individual who is over the age of ten years. An ASBO needs a minimum time of two years to be placed and can be reviewed if your behavior has improved. It is only placed in an area where a certain anti-social behavior is reported. According to the UK government website young offenders can be fined up to 250-1000 pounds. You can also get a detention and training order (DTO) for up to 24 months whereas adults are fined up to 5000 pounds or five years of imprisonment or both (Farrington Coid, 2003). Anti-Social Behavior Orders may be used in several situations that pertain to ongoing anti-social behavior. ASBOs are used when someone has been warned several times and even then, social behavior is not improved. However, in many cases, there are solutions which are less severe and less strict than ASBOs, which will be different according to each situation. However, these ordersmay not be equally suitable in every situation. For example, if you have been in disagreement with your neighbors over who owns the boundary between your houses, but your neighbor hasnt shown any anti-social behavior, an ASBO would not be the right way to deal with this problem and the court probably would not grant one anyway. CR-ASBOs A CR-ASBO is a Criminal Anti-Social Behavior Order. It is a social or civil order;the main reason for its existence is to protect the community from anti-social behavior. It can be obtained much quicker than an ASBO. But they are not taken in to court until the criminal court is concluded.A Crasbo order is issued when a conviction is made on criminal proceedings. The parties responsible for serving an order are the Criminal Courts(Millie 2008). These orders are received by individuals who are convicted of criminal offence or anti-social behavior. This order describes the anti-social behavior in the crime for which they are condemned for. For example a Crasbo was received by Fred Bloggs which was placed by the CPS. It forbids him from entering Waterside in Stratford. Another reason for the existence of Crasbo is to encourage local people to become enthusiastically involved in reporting crime and anti-social behavior which would in return help to put together and shelter the community(Millie 2008). The main difference between a CRASBO and an ASBO is that a Crasbo is receivedafter a criminal conviction is made. A Crasbo is unique to all cases. The convicted will have a set of prohibitions unique to his case to thwart anti-social behavior from re-occurring and to guard the society from such acts. A Crasbo could result in banning the individual from any of the following:(Millie 2008). * Committing any anti-social acts * Connecting with certain people * Leaving home after a certain time * Entering defined areas in the community * Entering specified buildings, shopping areas etc Just like an ASBO, the breach of a Crasbo is also considered a criminal offence. And the maximum punishment is 5 years of imprisonment for adults. Dispersal Orders Section 30 of the Anti-Social Behavior Order provides local authorities to tackle anti-social behavior committed by groups of people. Such orders are placed on certain areas at different times. The areas could be as small or as large as necessary, as long as there is evidence of anti-social behavior there. If an area is under a dispersal order the police are allowed to separate or move groups of two or more people from that area. The police have been given authority to do this if they have a reason to believe that the group has or might harass, intimidate, alarm or distress any member of the public(Spalding 2011). The groups asked to be dispersed by the police wont be allowed to reunite in that area in the next twenty four hours. If someone violates the order, it will be regarded as criminal offence and could result in a fine of up to  £5,000 or custody for up to three months. A senior police officer makes the decision about the order and this order can be placed on an area for up to six months. The validity period expires after six months but a new order can be put in place if there were enough reports regarding groups causing criminal behavior(Spalding 2011). Respect Agenda Tony Blair launched the Respect Agenda in United Kingdom in 2005. The basic aim of this agenda was to help central government, local agencies and citizens to work together in an effective manner to tackle the problems caused by anti-social behavior. Till now the most common recipients of the ASBOs are young people. These young people are often considered a nuisance to the community by bad behavior problems such as drinking, minor theft etc, due to which they are banned from certain areas for specific periods of time. A report by Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JSF) discusses three main reasons as to why these young people or even adults behave anti-socially. The first reason was a decline in moral standards and family values. Secondly, there are some families that have become disengaged from the society. Thirdly, that these young people were always considered as kids and not given a chance to act like grownups (Clarke 2003). Neighborhood management is a new form of neighborhood renewal strategies. It also addresses the problems of anti-social behavior. It also focuses on community involvement; which benefits the community, brings the individuals closer and values them. Various community programs are held in order to empower the residents and keep them participated in such community acts. Strengths The main mechanisms that have been deployed to tackle anti-social behavior include the following strengths(Clarke 2003): * Improvement in the quality of life of the community. * Gives values to the residents and in result they actively participate in preventing anti-social activities. * The Respect Agenda specifically focuses on the youth by funding youth clubs and college sports teams etc * Peoples aspiration and expectation levels are raised. Weaknesses Since the introduction of the ASBO, debate has bounded it for several reasons(Clarke 2003). * Little restriction by courts on what can be termed as anti-social behavior. * Often lawful behavior is criminalized. * The penalties are open ended. * Effect of ASBOs on children and young people. Conclusion The antisocial behavior continues to be performed on adolescents. This is in opportune. Firstly, the agencies should work in partnership with other public bodies and community groups to ensure safer and stronger communities. This can be done by taking positive actions focused at the diminution of crime and disorder and humanizing the quality of life for everyone. The young children should at least once be given warning letters or home visits when involved in anti-social acts because a lot of young people have been taken in to custody who do not deserve to be there. The Dispersal Order should ensure that the restrictions and powers of the Order are well publicized to everyone, including the young people and their parents. The Respect Agenda must not only be focused on young people but should look at a broader perspective. It should create a balance in the relationships that exist between young and old to create the respect element. It should be linked to broader policy making even at the local community level (Clarke 2003). The government published a paper regarding the abolishment of ASBOs and some other court orders. These would be replaced by CBO and CPI. CBO is Criminal Behavior Order and would focus on criminal conviction in stead of the CR-ASBO, whereas CPI is Crime Prevention Injunction responsible for other cases, where someone is not convicted. The white paper says that most of the feedback regarding this new system is positive, whereas some were concerned about the funding. This new system simplifies the much complex old system and is majorly accepted by the public.Both of these unlike ASBOs need to have optimistic necessities as well as exclusions. The breach of a CBO is a criminal offence followed by a maximum prison sentence of five years. However, breach of a CPI would result in ridicule of court for which the penalty can be either a heavy fine or two years in prison(McAtamney Morgan 2009). The government has also issued Designated Public Place Orders which pose a restriction on public drinking because of the nuisances that have been experienced earlier. This Order can limit to certain areas over specific time periods. The police will have the power to regulate the consumption of alcohol in a certain area. Previously the government made a large amount of information regarding the problems people faced in the anti-social behavior area. All this information was available online.In May 2008, the government produced an Anti-social behavior guide, which gave information on a range of remedies. Although this information is still available on the archived versions of the Home Office, yet it has not been updated.The present Government has recently issued a White Paper promising to replace 19 of the orders to just six (UK Parliamanet Publications and records 2005).

Goethe & Vonnegut :: essays research papers

Powerful Emotion (3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anyone who reads The Sorrows of Young Werther by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe instantly feels the emotional intensity portrayed by Werther, the protagonist. His speculations about life are indeed unique, especially in modern times when life often goes by quickly without notice. Perhaps that is one of the reasons why his immense emotion strikes a chord with readers as coming from someone crazy or dangerous. Werther’s mental state seems incredibly alive at some times while seemingly lifeless at others. This lifeless state of mind is similar to another sorrowful character in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five. In his story of Billy Pilgrim, a similar wonder engulfs the reader, causing us to question the cause of both his mindset and of our own. These books bring a couple of interesting questions to mind†¦ How much emotion is too much? How little is too little? These characters struggle with powerful emotion in many ways, and are therefore judged as mad. The two protagonists engage in totally different journeys, but each of them leads the reader to discover the limits of human emotion. These limits are reached by Werther and Billy, therefore leading to both characters’ demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In simple terms, I think that Billy Pilgrim in Slaughterhouse Five demonstrates the extremity of too little emotion, in contrast with Werther in The Sorrows of Young Werther demonstrating the extremity of too much emotion. Both of these characters live their lives in suffering because of this lack/surfeit of emotion. I’d like to start my analysis off with the odd style of Kurt Vonnegut and how he portrays his main character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Billy Pilgrim has mental problems. Too many to name, in fact. He has difficulty in almost every aspect of life because of these mental problems. Vonnegut has concocted an anti-war novel that blames Billy’s health (or lack thereof) on the trauma of being in a war, but poor Billy has many problems even before the war. He seems to be extremely emotionally detached from all aspects of life. Yes, he gets married and has children, but it seems to be portrayed as somewhat sarcastic and unimportant. This is the danger of being unemotional in life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the strongest points proving Billy’s lack of emotion is when he is at war and essentially tries to set himself up for his enemy to shoot him (Vonnegut 29). The incident seems very ironic considering Vonnegut’s anti-war opinions, because he seems to want Billy to honor the fairness of war.